The Kuninda Kingdom: Ancient History, Amoghabhuti Coins & Kanet Connection (HP GK)

Study service March 19, 2025

 Himachal Pradesh ke prachin itihas mein Trigarta ke baad agar koi sabse shaktishali Janapada (Republic) tha, toh wo "Kuninda" tha. Inka samrajya aaj ke Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan aur Uttarakhand ke pahadi ilakon tak phaila hua tha.

Agar aap HPAS ya Naib Tehsildar ki taiyari kar rahe hain, toh aapko "Amoghabhuti" ke sikkon aur Kanet jati ke saath inke sambandh ko samajhna zaroori hai. Aaj hum Kuninda samrajya ki har parat (layer) ko kholenge.

1. Geographical Extent (Bhaugolik Vistar)

Kuninda log kahan rehte the?

  • Location: Yeh log Satluj aur Yamuna nadiyon ke beech ke ilake mein rehte the.

  • Modern Districts: Aaj ka Sirmaur, Shimla, Solan aur Ambala (Haryana) aur Saharanpur (UP) ke pahadi hisse inke adheen the.

  • Neighbors:

    • Paschim (West): Trigarta (Kangra).

    • Purav (East): Garhwal (Uttarakhand).

    • Dakshin (South): Yaudheyas (Haryana/Punjab plains).

2. Historical Sources (Itihas ke Saboot)

Humein Kunindas ke baare mein kahan se pata chalta hai?

  1. Mahabharata: Digvijaya Parva mein likha hai ki Arjuna ne Kunindas ko haraya tha.

  2. Panini's Ashtadhyayi: Panini ne inhein "Ayudhajivi Sangha" kaha hai.

    • Meaning: Wo log jo shastra (arms) utha kar apni rozi-roti kamate hain (Warrior Tribe).

  3. Ptolemy (Greek Geographer): Unhone apni kitab mein inhein "Kulindine" kaha hai. Yeh point exams ke liye bohot important hai.

  4. Varahamihira: Unhone apni kitab Brihat Samhita mein inka zikr "Kuluta" ke logon ke saath kiya hai.

  5. Vishnu Purana: Isme bhi inka zikr milta hai.

3. The Kuninda Coinage (Sikke) - The Most Important Section

Kuninda itihas ka sabse bada saboot unke Sikke (Coins) hain. Yeh sikke do (2) prakar ke mile hain:

Type A: Amoghabhuti Coins

Yeh sabse famous sikke hain.

  • Material: Yeh Chandi (Silver) aur Tamba (Copper) dono mein mile hain.

  • The Legend (Likhawat): Inpar Brahmi lipi mein likha hai:

    "Rajnah Kunindasya Amoghabhutisya" (Matlab: Kuninda Raja Amoghabhuti ka sikka).

  • Scripts:

    • Obverse (Samne): Brahmi script (Aam janta ke liye).

    • Reverse (Peeche): Kharosthi script (Vyapariyon aur invaders ke liye).

  • Symbols: In sikkon par Lakshmi Mata (Hiran ke saath) aur Swastika ke chitra mile hain.

Type B: Chatreshwara / Anonymous Coins

Yeh sikke baad ke samay ke hain.

  • Material: Sirf Tamba (Copper).

  • Image: Inpar Kartikeya (Shiv ji ke putra) ki tasveer hai.

  • Significance: Inpar kisi Raja ka naam nahi hai, balki likha hai "Bhagvata Chatreshwara Mahatmanah". Iska matlab hai ki baad mein Kuninda log Gan-tantra (Republic) ban gaye the aur bhagwan ke naam par shasan karte the.

4. Who was Amoghabhuti? (Raja ya Upadhi?)

Exam mein yeh confusion aksar hota hai.

  • Opinion 1: Kuch itihaskar maante hain ki "Amoghabhuti" ek mahan Raja ka naam tha jisne Kuninda ko peak par pahunchaya.

  • Opinion 2: Doosre maante hain ki "Amoghabhuti" ka matlab hai "Of unfailing prosperity" (Kabhi na khatam hone wali samridhi). Yeh ek Official Title (Upadhi) thi jo har Raja use karta tha.

  • Fact: Inke sikke Indo-Greek sikkon se inspire hokar banaye gaye the (Silver content waisa hi tha).

5. Modern Descendants: The Kanets (Vanshaj)

Kya Kuninda log aaj bhi hain?

  • Connection: Adhunik itihaskaron ka maanna hai ki aaj ke Himachal ki "Kanet" (Kunet) community hi prachin Kunindas ke vanshaj hain.

  • Region: Kanet log aaj bhi unhi ilakon (Shimla, Kinnaur, Sirmaur, Kullu) mein sabse zyada paye jate hain jahan kabhi Kuninda samrajya tha.

  • Occupation: Pehle yeh yoddha (warriors) the, ab mukhya roop se kheti (agriculture) karte hain.

6. Decline & Fall (Patan kaise hua?)

Itna bada samrajya khatam kaise hua?

  1. Shakas Invasion: 1st Century AD ke aas-paas Shakas ne hamla kiya aur Kunindas ko pahadon ke andar dhakel diya.

  2. Kushana Empire: Baad mein Kushanas (Kanishka) ne pure North India par kabza kar liya.

  3. Comeback: Jab Kushanas kamzor hue (3rd Century AD), tab Kunindas ne Yaudheyas (Haryana ke yoddha) ke saath milkar Kushanas ko Punjab se bahar khadeul diya.

  4. Final Merger: Dheere-dheere yeh chote-chote groups mein bat gaye aur Gupta Empire ke aane tak inka wajood (identity) dhundhla pad gaya.

7. Important Exam Facts (Prelims Special)

  • Capital: Kunindas ki rajdhani shayad Srughna (paas Sirmaur/Ambala border) thi.

  • Religion: Yeh log mukhya roop se Shaivite (Shiv bhakt) the, kyunki inke sikkon par Trishul aur Kartikeya milte hain.

  • Economy: Inke paas Chandi (Silver) ke sikke the, jo dikhata hai ki yeh Arthik roop se samridh (Rich) the. Inka vyapar Tibet aur Plains dono ke saath tha.

8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1. Kuninda sikkon par kaunsi do lipiyan (scripts) milti hain? Ans: Brahmi aur Kharosthi.

Q2. "Amoghabhuti" kaun tha? Ans: Yeh Kuninda samrajya ka sabse shaktishali Raja tha (ya ek Shahi upadhi thi).

Q3. Kunindas ke aaj ke vanshaj kaun maane jate hain? Ans: Kanet (Kunet) samuday.

Q4. Panini ne Kunindas ko kya kaha tha? Ans: Ayudhajivi Sangha (Warrior Republic).


9. Economic Life & Trade (Vyapar aur Arthvyavastha)

Kunindas ke paas Chandi (Silver) ke sikke hona koi mamooli baat nahi thi. Pahadon mein chandi nahi hoti, toh yeh aayi kahan se?

  • Trade Routes: Kuninda log Tibet aur Gangetic Plains (Bharat ke maidan) ke beech "Middlemen" (Dalaal) ka kaam karte the.

  • Exports: Yeh log pahadon se Kasturi (Musk), Jari-Bootiyan (Herbs), Oon (Wool) aur Yak ki Poonch (Fly-whisks) maidanon mein bechte the.

  • Imports: Badle mein inhe chandi aur anaj milta tha.

  • Economic Boom: Inke sikke dikhate hain ki 1st Century BC mein inki economy apne shikhar par thi.

10. Religious Beliefs: Decoding Coin Symbols

Sikkon par bane chitra (images) unke dharm ke baare mein bahut kuch batate hain.

  1. Shiva & Kartikeya: Chatreshwara sikkon par trishul aur Kartikeya ki photo yeh sabit karti hai ki yeh Shaivite (Shiv bhakt) the.

  2. The Deer (Hiran): Amoghabhuti ke sikkon par ek Mahila (Lakshmi) aur ek Hiran dikhaya gaya hai.

    • Interpretation: Kuch vidwan maante hain ki Hiran Buddhism ka prateek hai, jabki kuch ise Van-Devta (Forest Deity) maante hain.

  3. Swastika & Nandipada: Yeh shubh chinh (auspicious symbols) bhi sikkon par mile hain, jo Hindu prabhav ko darshate hain.

11. Archaeological Sites (Kahan mile sikke?)

Agar exam mein sawal aaye ki "Kuninda sikke kahan mile?", toh yeh list yaad rakhna:

  • Jwalamukhi (Kangra): Yahan Amoghabhuti ke 3 sikke mile the.

  • Tappa Mewa (Hamirpur): Yahan 54 sikke mile the.

  • Chakar (Mandi): Yahan bhi kuch sikke prapt huye hain.

  • Sunet (Ludhiana) & Karnal (Haryana): Pahadon ke bahar bhi inke sikke milna yeh dikhata hai ki inka vyapar door tak phaila tha.

12. Relations with Contemporaries (Padosiyon se Rishte)

Kunindas akele nahi the, unke aas-paas aur bhi shaktiyan thi.

  • Alliance with Yaudheyas: Jab Kushanas (invaders) ne hamla kiya, toh Kunindas ne Haryana ke Yaudheyas aur Pathankot ke Audumbaras ke saath ek "Tri-Sangha" (Triple Alliance) banaya tha.

  • Goal: In teeno ne milkar Kushanas ko Satluj paar khadeul diya tha. Yeh ghatna 3rd Century AD ki hai.

13. Political Shift: Monarchy to Republic

Ek dilchasp badlav jo sikkon mein dikhta hai:

  • Phase 1 (Amoghabhuti): Shuru mein Raja ka naam (Amoghabhuti) sikkon par hota tha. Matlab tab Rajtantra (Monarchy) tha.

  • Phase 2 (Chatreshwara): Baad ke sikkon par kisi Raja ka naam nahi, balki Devta (Bhagvata Chatreshwara) ka naam hai.

  • Analysis: Iska matlab hai ki Raja Amoghabhuti ke marne ke baad Kunindas ne Raja ka pad khatam kar diya aur wo ek Gantantra (Republic) ban gaye, jahan bhagwan ko hi Raja maana jata tha.

Conclusion (Nishkarsh)

Kuninda Samrajya Himachal ke itihas ka wo sunhara daur tha jab pahadi logon ne apni alag pehchan banayi. Unke sikke aur unki veerta aaj bhi Kanet samuday ke roop mein zinda hai. Exam point of view se, Amoghabhuti aur Brahmi/Kharosthi Script yaad rakhna sabse zaroori hai.

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