Himachal Pradesh ka itihas sirf pahaadon ki kahani nahi, balki manav sabhyata (human civilization) ke vikas ki kahani hai. Jab Indus Valley Civilization (Sindhu Ghati Sabhyata) apne charam par thi, tab Himachal ki ghatiyon mein bhi jeevan panap raha tha.
Rigveda, Mahabharata aur Puranon mein Himachal ke ancient tribes—Dasas, Dasyus, Nishadas aur Khashas ka varnan milta hai. Agar aap HPAS ya Naib Tehsildar exam ki taiyari kar rahe hain, toh aapko pata hona chahiye ki Shambara kaun tha aur Trigarta ka Mahabharata mein kya role tha.
Aaj hum Himachal ke Prachin Itihas (Ancient History) ko gehrai se samjhenge.
1. The Original Inhabitants (Mool Niwasi)
Aryans ke aane se pehle Himachal mein kaun rehta tha? Itihaskaron ne inhe teen mukhya vargon (categories) mein baanta hai:
A. The Kols (Proto-Australoids)
Identity: Yeh Himachal ke sabse pehle niwasi (earliest inhabitants) maane jate hain.
Vedic Name: Rigveda mein inhe Dasas, Dasyus ya Nishadas kaha gaya hai.
Current Descendants: Aaj ke samay mein jo Koli, Hali, Dum, Chanals aadi castes hain, wo inhi ke vanshaj maane jate hain.
Culture: Yeh log patthar (Stone) ke hathiyar use karte the aur kheti (agriculture) jante the.
B. The Kiratas (Mongoloids)
Arrival: Kols ke baad "Kiratas" aaye. Yeh Mongoloid race ke the.
Identity: Inhe Puranon mein "Kinnaras" ya "Kimpurushas" kaha gaya hai.
Current Descendants: Aaj ke Lahaul-Spiti aur Kinnaur ke log (Bhotias) inhi ke vanshaj hain.
C. The Nagas
Inhe sarp (snake) poojak maana jata tha. Mandi aur Kullu mein aaj bhi Naag Devta ki pooja hoti hai, jo inke prabhav ko darshata hai.
2. The Aryan Migration & The Khashas
Aryans central Asia se chale aur do hisson mein bat gaye.
A. The Khashas (First Branch)
Yeh Aryans ki wo shakha thi jo Kashmir hote hue Himachal mein ghusi.
Mavi & Mavana System: Khashas ladaku (war-like) log the. Inhone apne aapko chote-chote groups mein baanta hua tha.
Mavi: Inke gaon ya parivar ko kaha jata tha.
Mavana: Jo takatwar vyakti Mavi par raaj karta tha, use Mavana (Strongman) kehte the.
Evolution: Baad mein yehi Mavanas milkar Janapadas (Republics) bane.
B. The Vedic Aryans (Indo-Aryans)
Yeh doosri shakha thi jo Punjab (Sapta-Sindhu) ke maidanon mein basi. Inka Sangharsh (conflict) pahadi logon ke saath hua.
3. The Great War: Divodasa vs Shambara
Rigveda mein is yudh ka vistrit varnan hai. Yeh Himachal ke itihas ki sabse pehli badi ghatna hai.
Shambara: Yeh Kirata (Dasyu) Raja tha. Iske paas Himachal ki ghatiyon mein 99 Kile (Forts) the.
Divodasa: Yeh Aryan Raja tha (Tritsu tribe ka). Iske mukhya salahkar Rishi Bharadwaj the.
The War: Yeh yudh 40 saal tak chala.
Result: Ant mein Udubraj namak sthan par Divodasa ne Shambara aur uske saathi Verchi ko maar giraya aur uske 99 kile nasht kar diye.
4. The 4 Ancient Janapadas (Prachin Ganrajya) - Most Important
Mavanas ke system se dheere-dheere 4 bade Janapadas (Republics) bane. Exams mein inpar sabse zyada sawal aate hain.
I. The Trigarta (Kangra)
Meaning: Teen nadiyon ka desh (Ravi, Beas, Satluj).
Founder: Susharma Chandra.
Mahabharata Connection: Susharma ne Mahabharata mein Kauravon ka saath diya tha aur Matsya Desh (Jaipur) ke Raja Virat par hamla kiya tha.
Capital: Nagarkot (Ancient Kangra Fort).
Ayudhjivi: Panini ne Trigarta ke logon ko "Ayudhjivi" kaha tha (wo log jo hathiyar/yudh se apni rozi-roti kamate hain).
II. The Audumbaras
Location: Pathankot, Nurpur aur Kangra ka nichla hissa.
Origin: Yeh Rishi Vishwamitra ke vanshaj (descendants) maane jate hain (Gotra: Kaushika).
Economy: Yeh unni kapde (woolen goods) aur bhed-palne (sheep rearing) ke liye famous the.
Coins: Inke sikkon par "Mahadeva" (Lord Shiva) aur Trishul ki photo milti hai, jo dikhata hai ki yeh Shaivite (Shiv bhakt) the.
III. The Kuluta (Kullu)
Location: Beas nadi ka upri hissa (Upper Beas Valley).
Capital: Naggar.
Oldest Coin: Kuluta ka sabse purana sikka 100 AD ka hai jispar Raja Virayas ka naam likha hai.
Founder: Maana jata hai ki Behangamani Pal ne iski sthapana ki thi.
IV. The Kunindas
Location: Sirmaur, Shimla aur Ambala ka ilaka (Satluj aur Yamuna ke beech).
Greatest King: Amoghabhuti.
Coins: Inke sikke silver (chandi) aur copper (tamba) ke mile hain, jinpar Hiran (Deer) aur Lakshmi mata ke chitra hain.
End: Baad mein ye log Kushan Empire aur Guptas ke under aa gaye.
5. Rishis & Sages: The Spiritual History
Himachal ko "Dev Bhumi" isliye kaha jata hai kyunki Vedic rishiyon ne yahan tapasya ki thi.
| Rishi (Sage) | Place Associated (Sthan) | District |
| Rishi Vyas | Vyas Gufa (Bilaspur), Rohtang Pass (Beas Kund) | Bilaspur/Kullu |
| Parshuram | Renuka Lake, Nirmand | Sirmaur/Kullu |
| Jamdagni | Renuka (Father of Parshuram) | Sirmaur |
| Vashishtha | Vashishtha Kund (Manali) | Kullu |
| Manu | Manali (Manu-Alaya) | Kullu |
| Mandavya | Mandi (Mandi ka naam inhi par pada) | Mandi |
| Gautam Rishi | Goshal | Lahaul |
| Shringi Rishi | Banjar | Kullu |
6. Early Settlements (Prachin Bastiyan)
Archeological survey se pata chala hai ki prachin manav (Early Man) in ghatiyon mein rehta tha:
Banganga-Beas Valley: Kangra (Yahan patthar ke auzar mile hain).
Sirsa-Satluj Valley: Nalagarh aur Bilaspur.
Markanda Valley: Sirmaur (Yahan fossils mile hain).
7. Alexander's Invasion (Sikandar ka Hamla - 326 BC)
Ancient history ka ant Sikandar ke aakraman ke saath judta hai.
Sikandar Beas Nadi (Hyphasis) tak aaya tha.
Uske sainikon ne aage badhne se inkaar kar diya.
Wapas jate samay usne yahan "Altars" (Stambh) banaye the jo ab gum ho chuke hain.
Malana Village: Kullu ka Malana gaon aaj bhi maanta hai ki wo Sikandar ke sainikon ke vanshaj hain. Wahan ka loktantra (democracy) duniya mein sabse purana hai.
8. Important Exam Facts (Prelims Special)
Ayudhjivi Sangh: Panini ne Trigarta ke logon ko kaha tha.
Bhim Kot: Kangra kile ka ek aur naam tha (Farishta ki kitab mein).
Odombris: Roman vidwan Pliny ne Audumbaras ko "Odombris" kaha tha.
Shambara ke Kile: Rigveda ke anusar 99 kile the.
Sabse Purana Janapada: Trigarta.
9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1. Rigveda mein Himachal ke kis Raja ka varnan hai?
Ans: Raja Shambara (Dasayu King) aur Divodasa (Aryan King) ka.
Q2. Trigarta ka sansthapak (Founder) kaun tha?
Ans: Susharma Chandra, jinhone Mahabharata mein hissa liya tha.
Q3. Audumbaras kis rishi se jude the?
Ans: Rishi Vishwamitra se.
Q4. Malana gaon kiske vanshaj maane jate hain?
Ans: Alexander the Great (Sikandar) ke sainikon ke.
Conclusion (Nishkarsh)
Himachal Pradesh ka prachin itihas sangharsh aur samagam (conflict and assimilation) ki kahani hai. Pehle Kols aur Kiratas aaye, phir Khashas aur Aryans. In sabne milkar Pahadi Sanskriti ki neenv rakhi. Janapadas ka uday (rise) darshata hai ki yahan rajnaitik vyavastha (political system) kitni purani hai.
.png)
.png)
.jpg)
0 Comments